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The contribution of the African union in fostering peace and stability in Sudan Zakir Hussain

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12 Jul, 2023
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The African union (AU) has always struggled to achieve peace, stability and prosperity in Africa. AU the inter-governmental organization (IGO) came in to being on 9 July 2002 in Durban city of South Africa. The purpose of establishment of AU is to replace Organization of African Unity (OAU), currently there are 55 member states in AU. The Organization works on number of objectives: however it focuses on resolution of conflicts, establishes peace, engages peacekeeping force in its member states, establishes democracy, gives freedom of expression, promotes human rights, and increases socioeconomic development in African continent, It also struggle to achieve its aims like fostering unity, development, cooperation, among its member states and forwarding the interest of African peoples. If draw the focus towards the history of Sudan we come to know that; Republic of Sudan was under the control of Egypt in 19th century, but in late 19th century It has gotten the status of condominium state where Egypt and Britain collectively ruled on Sudan till it’s independence in 1956. Republic of Sudan situated in northeast of Africa, sharing border with seven states and connecting with Red sea the busiest shipping route of world, blessed with precious elements including : oil reservoirs, gold mines but despite of these all it always engulfed by coups and deadly civil wars.

Here mentioning some major coups which were happened in Sudan and the role of AU, the first military coup was happened on 17 November in the year of 1958 which was headed by General Ibrahim Abboud, this coup was launched order to handle the civilian government and economic instability in the country. General Ibrahim Abboud suspended constitution, dissolved parliament and established military government. When Sudan started to move forward for prosperity it again squeezed by powerful coup on 25 May 1969 which was launched by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry against the civilian government, economic instability, political instability, and functionalism. He suspended constitution, dissolved parliament and led the foundation of Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCCNS). In the end of twentieth century again the powerful coup was happened against the President Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry on 6, April 1985, the coup was directed by General Abdul Rehman Suwar al- Dahab on the mismanagement, economic instability, and human rights abuses; At last the coup resulted into establishment of Transitional civilian government. On 30, June 1989 Colonel Bashir overthrew the transitional civilian government due to dissatisfaction with political and economic condition in Country, established the (RCCNS) and implemented Islamist agenda. AU did not declared any response on coups and emergencies, uprisings, and conflicts till the end of twentieth century because it was established in 2002. Now forwarding towards coups and civil war of twenty first century which were happened in Sudan, The Civil war of Darfur was first and deadly civil war: which had started in year of 2003 and ended in 2020. The region of Darfur is in western part of country. Darfur is Arabic word which means the land of “Fur” peoples.

The residents of Darfur are non-Arab Africans, they are real residents of country who have been living for thousands of years, but now they remained as a minority group with total 30% population of country. On the other hand there are Afro-Arabs who were migrated from neighboring states when Sudan was under the control of Britain and they are in majority with total 70% population and held all powers of state. The main reason of agitation of conflict is that the sense of deprivation and marginalization arose in the minds Furs (Person who lived in Darfur), and this agitation gave birth to various rebel groups against government and establishment namely Sudan liberation movement, Justice and equity. Their groups were highly active in conflict. AU seriously condemned the situation and deployed the African Union Mission (AIMS) order to manage the situation, set the peace negotiations, and safeguard civilians. In month of December 2018 the widespread protests of civilians happened against the long authoritarian governance of President Al Bashir, in the result AU took the notice on situation and ordered for peaceful resolution of conflict. In the wake of military coup in year of 2019 head of Sudanese armed forces named as General Abdel Fattah Al- Burhan overthrew the government of Al Bashir and became a De facto head of state, in the result AU suspended the membership of Sudan and ordered for civilian transitional government, AU engaged the stakeholders in negotiations from Sudan for implement of successful and peaceful civilian transition government.

Current conflict has started on 15 April 2023 between leaders of Rapid supports force named as Muhammad Hamdan Dagalo and Sudanese armed forces named as General Abdel Fattah Al- Burhan. If we see this situation in another context so we come to know that there is struggle of power between two factions of country, Leader of RSF wanting a democracy in country and Burhan wants to continue his government. And how Burhan can the General of Sudanese army down his knees in front of para military group? If conflict will not resolve immediately it will lead to never ending phenomenon. In regard to conflict of Sudan AU is super vibrant. On 17 April the organ of AU the Peace and Security Council (PSC) call for an urgent meeting in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) where head of organization urged stakeholders and regional countries to make efforts for peace and transition government, it was stated that external involvement in conflict will not be forgiven. On 2 May 2023 meeting was held by PSC in which it was discussed that the International community must help Sudan to sort out its challenges. Again the third meeting held between PSC and UN Security Council, in meeting it was discussed that AU is the road to resolution of Sudan crisis, with struggle of AU there will be peace in Sudan. It also demanded SAF and RSF to resolve conflict immediately.

The various challenges has been faced by union to achieve peace, prosperity, development and stability in Sudan. AU has numerous aims and objectives on which it works and always struggle to achieve those. Coups in Sudan driven due to economic instability, political unrest, and issues in governance. However Sudan always face risks and challenges: which can analysis through current conflict between two military leaders and this conflict again stopping country from progress of democracy and stability. It will best for AU, stakeholders and neighboring states to actively engage in conflict order to reach it on peaceful resolution, immediate dialogue and table talk between parties will prevent country from protracted conflict.

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